阅读全文，我觉得作者还是太迷恋 “神经系统”“脑” 这样的内容。阅读《Embodying addiction: predictive processing account》可以纠偏。摘抄一段到下方。Action and perception are co-dependent and stand in a circular causal relation (Anderson, 2014; Clark, 2013). The agent acts with the aim of bringing about the future sensory states it expects to occupy. The sensory states the organism tends to bring about through its actions are those that it is likely to occupy over time if it is to remain in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the ecological niche it inhabits (c.f., allostasis). In substance addicts, the physiological states they come to occupy as a consequence of using the substance, are among those they learn to expect. The need for the drug can be compared to hunger. It is a physiological need that the agent must feed if it is to maintain a steady state, and remain in homeostatic balance with its niche. The urges and cravings that are felt in addiction are thus not external forces that act on the self from the outside (Schütz et al., 2018). They arise naturally as a part of the processes that sustain and nourish the agent the addict has become. Thus, the neurocognitive processes that contribute to addictive behaviour are not malfunctioning - they are not the product of a diseased brain. They are instead doing the work they should be doing for an agent that has become a substance-addict (Lewis, 2015). Agents self-produce and self-maintain their identity as individuals over time, an organisational property of living systems referred to as “biological autonomy” (Di Paolo, Buhrmann, & Barandiaran, 2017; Maturana & Varela, 1980; Thompson, 2007).9 The “identity” of an agent as we will use the term goes beyond the continued existence or survival of the agent as a biological individual. It is the whole way of life of an individual agent that is produced and maintained over time by agents acting to fulfill their predictions. We can characterise this notion of identity in PP terms by equating the identity of an agent with the generative model an individual develops through its practical engagement with the world. In PP the agent is hypothesised to develop a hierarchically organised internal model of its bodily abilities in relation to its environment. This internal model is referred to as a “hierarchical generative model” because it is used to generate predictions of incoming sensory input over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Instead of building up an internal reconstruction of the world bottom-up, based on incoming sensory information, the brain is cast as pro-actively predicting incoming sensory input. It is this process of acting to bring about its own predicted sensory input that is referred to as “action oriented predictive processing” (Clark, 2013, 2015b), or “active inference” (Friston, FitzGerald, Rigoli, Schwartenbeck, & Pezzulo, 2017; Pezzulo, Rigoli, & Friston, 2018).